Authors Tom DeMarco & Tim Lister
1.Managing the Human Resource
- Don’t manage to the software vending machine mentality – standard operating processes, telling a technical team how to do the job, hiding the team from the underlying problem, prescribing solutions, leaving no room for learning or creativity etc.
- Allow and encourage teams to make errors and learn.
- Work a sustainable 40 hour week, nobody can continually work overtime, or sprint from the start to the finish on a long project without slowing down, or worse, burning out. Creative workers require rest to be at their maximum productivity during their work hours, and great knowledge workers spend time outside work learning about their trade and applying learned excellence back to their work.
- “Quality, far beyond that required by the end user, is a means to higher productivity.”
- “Quality is free, but only to those who are willing to pay heavily for it.”
- Employees who are experts at designing, developing and delivering the said work should be the people who estimate and commit to it; “Programmers seem to be a bit more productive after they’ve done the estimate themselves, compared to cases in which the manager did it without even consulting them. When the two did the estimating together, the results tended to fall in between.”
2. The Office Environment
- “There are a million ways to lose a work day, but not even a single way to get one back.”
- “While this [10 to 1] productivity differential among programmers is understandable, there is also a 10 to 1 difference in productivity among software organizations.”
- A study on developer performance showed workplaces with larger dedicated personal workspaces which are quiet, private and interruption free performed much better and showed a reduced defect rate
- A study of development showed how developers spend their time:
- Working alone 30%
- Working with one other person 50%
- Working with two or more people 20%
- Working alone requires Flow Time – a near meditative, uninterrupted state where time flows unconsciously and developers are at their most productive – work output flows. It takes time to get into the zone (15+ minutes) which is mostly unproductive time and nothing kills Flow Time like being interrupted (by a colleague, phone, email, instant message, loud noise etc) or having a workplace which doesn’t understand and design for Flow Time.
- There is a simple forumula to work out if you’re environment is setup for Flow Time called Environment Factor (EF). An EF of ~40+% should allow developers enough flow time and enable enough time to work with others and in groups:
- Environment-Factor = Uninterrupted Hours / Body-Present Hours
3. The Right People
- Peopleware formula:
- Get the right people.
- Make them happy so they don’t want to leave.
- Turn them loose.
- Leadership as a service; leaders are enablers of knowledge workers who in large can self-manage. A leaders job should be to foster and grow teams, networks and aim to attain goal alignment. “The manager’s function is not to make people work, but to make it possible for people to work”.
- Employee turnover is very expensive. It generally costs about 4.5 to 5 months of total employee cost to replace an employee and takes approx. 3-5 months for the employee to become fully productive.
4. Growing Productive Teams
- A jelled team, aligned behind a common goal with momentum can be unstoppable. “The purpose of a team is not goal attainment but goal alignment”. A jelled team is usually has a strong sense of identity, a name, a brand, a catch phrase and a good, well known reputation.
- Teamicide is a list of things that will likely prevent team jelling:
- Defensive management
- Bureaucracy
- Physical separation
- Fragmentation of people’s time
- Quality reduction of the product
- Phony deadlines
- Clique control
- Motivational posters, plaques & accessories
- Overtime & weekend work
- Internal team competition, performance reviews (stack ranking, manage by objective etc), excessive personal praise & rewards
- Overtime & weekend work – “That negative impact can be substantial: error, burnout, accelerated turnover, and compensatory undertime.”
- Full transparency, delegation with trust, support, a safe environment where failing & learning is rewarded and open dialog helps teams and organisations gain great outcomes; to be properly effective an organisation has to have this at all levels. “This Open Kimono attitude is the exact opposite of defensive management. You take no steps to defend yourself from the people you’ve put into positions of trust. And all the people under you are in positions of trust. A person you can’t trust with any autonomy is of no use to you.”
- Great teams build networks and this are not driven through hierarchies; “The structure of a team is a network, not a hierarchy. For all the deference paid to the concept of leadership (a cult word in our industry), it just doesn’t have much place here.”
5. Fertile Soil
- Organisations tend to focus too much on certified methodologies rather than trusting its knowledge workers to setup systems and processes best placed for their work at hand; “There is a big difference between Methodology and methodology. Small m methodology is a basic approach one takes to getting a job done. It doesn’t reside in a fat book, but rather inside the heads of the people carrying out the work. Big M Methodology is an attempt to centralize thinking. All meaningful decisions are made by the Methodology builders, not by the staff assigned to do the work.”
- “Voluminous documentation is part of the problem, not part of the solution.” Big M methodologies often lead to:
- A morass of paperwork
- A paucity of methods
- An absence of responsibility
- A general loss of motivation
- Better ways to achieve convergence of method are:
- Training
- Tools
- Peer Review
- Risk management within organisations is often seen in two extremes; non-managed, or managed so strongly risk adverse as to accomplish nothing of greats, transformational value; “The Peopleware premise—our main problems are more likely to be socio- logical than technological in nature—applies nowhere more strongly than in the area of risk”. “The risk we tend not to manage is the risk of our own failure.”
- “The ultimate management sin is wasting people’s time.”
- Starting projects with a full team – early overstaffing, rather than a slow ramp up during the start of a project planning & design phase most often wastes time and money
- The cost of creating and consuming email should not be underestimated. Where possible avoid sending out corporate spam and grow a self-organising and coordinating culture without needing email as a centralised coordinating function.
- “Experience gets turned into learning when an organization alters itself to take account of what experience has shown. Learning is limited by an organization’s ability to keep its people.”
- Middle management is often the first to get downsized and can often have a direct and significant impact on organisational memory and the ability for an organisation to learn – “successful learning organizations are always characterized by strong middle management.”. To maximise organisation learning, middle management must work closely with each other in effective harmony, avoid bureaucracy, silos, have common aligned goals, have clear communication lines and frequent interaction. Ensuring management are operating as an effective team is critical.
- Aristotle’s five interlinked Noble Sciences that together make up Philosophy:
- Metaphysics: the study of existence, the nature of the universe and all its contents
- Logic: the ways we may know something, the set of permissible conclusions we may draw based on our perceptions, and some sensible rules of deduction and inference
- Ethics: what we know about man and what we may deduce and infer (through Logic) about acceptable interactions between pairs of individuals
- Politics: how we may logically extend Ethics to the larger group – humans and the community made up of humans
- Aesthetics: the appreciation of symbols and images of metaphysical reality
- Fostering and environment where community and culture grows is one of the most important roles of managers and leaders
Meetings
- Some organisations have a culture of meetings, which are considered more important than work and other organisations have an extreme no-meeting culture – you need to meet somewhere in the middle. As organisation age, their meetings tend to get more frequent, and longer.
- Some dysfunctions of a meeting:
- People in attendance but not present (ie using technology) or engaged – perhaps because they’re not getting value
- Inviting more people than needs to be present to make a decision. Fewer people the better and meeting costs should be calculated – “The cost of the meeting is directly proportional to the number attending.”.
- “A meeting that is ended by a clock is a ceremony”. A meeting where no decisions are necessarily made, and where most of the conversation is conducted between two-people (ie the boss and round-robin people speaking) with other attendees siting idle can be considered a status-update / FYI meeting and considered a waste of peoples time – can be replaced by one-on-ones.
- The very nature of working meetings are ad-hoc and called when necessarily to reach a decision; a frequent, reoccurring meeting is normally a status meeting – “The need that was being served was not the boss’s need for information, but for reassurance”.
- Start each meeting with an outcome in mind and the question – “What ends this meeting?”. Once the meeting has achieved its goal, end the meeting promptly.
Change Management
- The hardest pert of change management is dealing with people (not necessarily technology) – “The fundamental response to change is not logical, but emotional.”
- Different personas to change (increasing in resistance):
- Blindly Loyal (Ask no questions.)
- Believers but Questioners:
- Skeptics (“Show me.”)
- Passive Observers (“What’s in it for me?”)
- Opposed (Fear of Change)
- Opposed (Fear of Loss of Power)
- Militantly Opposed (Will Undermine and Destroy)
- Celebrate and acknowledge our old ways of working as enabling this new change
- “You can never improve if you can’t change at all.”
- Change involves are the very least 4 stages and two key events:
- Old Status Quo –> [foreign element / event, catalyst for change]
- Chaos –> [transforming idea / event]
- Practice and Integration
- New Status Quo
- Often with new changes you’ll go through a learning curve and dip in performance, before mastering the new ways and (hopefully) improving
- “Change won’t even get started unless people feel safe—and people feel safe when they know they will not be demeaned or degraded for proposing a change, or trying to get through one.”
6. It’s Supposed to Be Fun to Work Here
- Work should be fun, introducing some chaos into the mix can help with empowerment, ownership, innovation, boosting productivity, enable team-work, help with change management and introduce novelty. It can be done via:
- Pilot projects
- War games
- Brainstorming
- Provocative training experiences
- Hack-days / Hackathons
- Training, trips, conferences, celebrations, and retreats
- When brainstorming, encourage quantity over quality – sometimes the sillier the idea the better. As idea generation slows, you can try the following strategies:
- Analogy thinking (How does nature solve this or some similar problem?)
- Inversion (How might we achieve the opposite of our goal?)
- Immersion (How might you project yourself into the problem?)
You can review and purchase Peopleware: Productive Projects and Teams on Amazon.com.au.